What are Specific Learning Disorders?

Specific learning disorders (SLD) is a condition that affects a person’s ability to acquire and use academic skills such as reading, writing, and math. Despite having average or above-average intelligence, children with SLDs struggle with certain tasks because their brains process information differently. This condition is not related to intelligence, motivation, or education level, but rather to the way the brain works.

Types of Specific Learning Disorders

1. Dyslexia: This affects reading skills. Children with dyslexia may have trouble recognising letters, learning letter sounds, and understanding words and sentences. They might read slowly and have difficulty comprehending what they read.
2. Dysgraphia: This affects writing skills. Children with dysgraphia may have trouble with spelling, handwriting, and organising their thoughts on paper. They might write slowly, have poor handwriting, and find it challenging to express themselves in writing.
3. Dyscalculia: This affects math skills. Children with dyscalculia may struggle with number recognition, understanding math concepts, and performing calculations. They might have trouble with counting, telling time, and understanding money.

Symptoms of Specific Learning Disorders

The symptoms of SLDs can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Here are some common signs:

1. Reading Problems (Dyslexia):
   • Difficulty recognising letters and learning their sounds.
   • Trouble reading simple words or sentences.
   • Reading slowly and with many mistakes.
   • Problems understanding what they read.
2. Writing Problems (Dysgraphia):
   • Poor handwriting that is hard to read.
   • Trouble spelling words correctly.
   • Difficulty organising thoughts and ideas in writing.
   • Writing slowly and with effort.
3. Math Problems (Dyscalculia):
   • Difficulty understanding and remembering numbers.
   • Problems with basic math operations like addition and subtraction.
   • Trouble with concepts like time, money, and measurement.
   • Difficulty following sequences and steps in math problems.

Causes of Specific Learning Disorders

The exact cause of SLDs is not known, but several factors can contribute to their development:

1. Genetics: SLDs often run in families, suggesting a genetic link. If a parent has an SLD, their child is more likely to have one too.
2. Brain Structure and Function: Differences in the brain’s structure and function can affect how information is processed. For example, areas of the brain responsible for language and reading may work differently in children with dyslexia.
3. Environmental Factors: Certain environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins, poor nutrition, or lack of stimulation during early childhood, can also contribute to the development of SLDs.

Diagnosing Specific Learning Disorders

Diagnosing an SLD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a team of professionals, including teachers, psychologists, and special education specialists. The process typically includes:

1. Observation: Teachers and parents observe the child’s academic performance and behaviour in different settings.
2. Interviews: Parents, teachers, and the child may be interviewed to gather information about the child’s developmental history, academic struggles, and any related issues.
3. Standardised Tests: The child may take standardised tests to assess their reading, writing, and math skills. These tests compare the child’s performance to that of their peers.
4. Cognitive Assessments: These tests evaluate the child’s intellectual abilities, memory, attention, and processing speed.
5. Medical Evaluation: A medical evaluation can rule out any physical conditions, such as hearing or vision problems, that might be affecting the child’s learning.

Supporting Children with Specific Learning Disorders

With the right support and interventions, children with SLDs can succeed academically and develop their strengths. Here are some strategies to help children with SLDs:

1. Individualised Education Plan (IEP): An IEP is a customised plan that outlines specific goals, accommodations, and interventions for the child. It is developed by a team of educators, specialists, and the child’s parents.
2. Specialised Instruction: Children with SLDs often benefit from specialised instruction tailored to their unique learning needs. This might include one-on-one tutoring, small group instruction, or the use of specific teaching methods.
3. Accommodations: Accommodations are changes in how the child learns or demonstrates their knowledge. Examples include extra time on tests, using audiobooks, or providing written instructions in addition to verbal ones.
4. Assistive Technology: Various tools and technologies can help children with SLDs. For example, text-to-speech software can assist with reading, while speech-to-text software can help with writing.
5. Multisensory Learning: Multisensory learning involves using multiple senses (sight, sound, touch, and movement) to help children learn. This approach can be especially effective for children with dyslexia or dysgraphia.
6. Positive Reinforcement: Encouraging and praising children for their efforts and achievements can boost their self-esteem and motivation. It’s important to focus on their strengths and celebrate their progress.

Working with Parents and Teachers

Collaboration between parents, teachers, and specialists is crucial for supporting children with SLDs. Here are some tips for effective collaboration:

1. Open Communication: Maintain regular communication between parents, teachers, and specialists. Share updates on the child’s progress, challenges, and any changes in their needs.
2. Consistency: Consistent strategies and interventions across home and school settings can reinforce learning and support the child’s development.
3. Parental Involvement: Parents can play an active role by helping with homework, practicing skills at home, and providing a supportive and structured environment.
4. Professional Development: Teachers and specialists should stay informed about the latest research and best practices for supporting children with SLDs. Professional development and training can enhance their ability to meet the needs of these students.

Building Self-Esteem and Resilience

Children with SLDs may face frustration and low self-esteem due to their academic struggles. It’s important to build their confidence and resilience:

1. Focus on Strengths: Identify and nurture the child’s strengths and interests. Encourage activities where they can excel and feel successful.
2. Set Realistic Goals: Set achievable goals and celebrate the child’s progress, no matter how small. This helps build a sense of accomplishment and motivation.
3. Encourage Self-Advocacy: Teach children to understand their learning needs and advocate for themselves. This includes asking for help, using accommodations, and expressing their preferences.
4. Provide Emotional Support: Offer emotional support and understanding. Listen to the child’s concerns, validate their feelings, and provide reassurance.

Conclusion

A specific learning disorder is a condition that affects a child’s ability to acquire and use academic skills. It’s important to recognise that children with SLDs are capable and intelligent, and with the right support, they can succeed in school and beyond. By understanding the types of SLDs, recognising the signs, seeking professional help, and providing effective interventions, parents and teachers can help children with SLDs reach their full potential. Collaboration, patience, and a positive attitude are key to supporting these children on their educational journey.

A specific learning disorder is different from a developmental language disorder.  Speech Pathologists work with both areas of development.

Ready to empower your child’s learning journey?

Let’s team up! Contact us and discover how our Speech Pathologists and Occupational Therapists at OneOnOne Children’s Therapy can unlock their full potential. Start their path to success today